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Layers in ice hold evidence about how much water has melted off the glaciers in years past—as many as 2,000 years past.

^{A close-up of an ice core still in the drill barrel. (Peter Rejcek / NSF)}

Some organisms that live on glaciers arrive with their own home-building tools! Bacteria travel in wind-blown dust—called cryoconite—that lands on glaciers. Sitting on ice, the dark dust absorbs the sun’s heat, melting holes in the glacier. Then ice covers the holes and isolates these communities for a year or more.Ìý

^{A cryoconite hole on top of Taylor Glacier. (Peter Rejcek / NSF)}